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cheap silagra Shapiro believes that these general rules apply to al-Qaida just as much as to any other group. The organisation was so effective before 2001 because it was in the highly unusual position of having a place in which it could operate ??? Taliban-run Afghanistan ??? under a state security apparatus that left it alone to recruit, train and process thousands of fighters. The leadership itself was able to select the highly capable group of men who carried out the 9/11 attacks. As the Americans subsequently discovered, al-Qaida at this time had generated volumes of paperwork. There were even employment contracts with clearly laid-out vacation policies. It was just that no one in the Afghan security agencies was looking for them. After 9/11 all that changed. Al-Qaida???s role in resisting the US forces in Iraq showed the problems it faced in a hostile security environment. A year after the invasion a Jordanian jihadi, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, had established the Group of Monotheism and Jihad. In the course of 2004, after discussions with the al-Qaida leadership in Pakistan, the group was renamed al-Qaida in Iraq. Zarqawi, who had a deep hatred of Shias, set about killing them, often by beheadings that were filmed and posted on YouTube. His idea was that the Shias would eventually fight back against him, a development that would radicalise Sunni opinion, thereby increasing his support base. The al-Qaida leadership in Pakistan realised that this was a terrible plan. Far from trying to provoke a civil war by having Zarqawi organise the mass murder of Iraqi civilians, they wanted al-Qaida in Iraq to focus on the occupying US forces. A letter from al-Zawahiri to Zarqawi seized by the Americans showed the al-Qaida leadership trying to rein in the Iraqi commander. ???Among the things which the feelings of the Muslim populace who love and support you will never find palatable,??? al-Zawahiri wrote, ???are the scenes of slaughtering hostages ??? We are in a battle and more than half this battle is taking place in the battlefield of the media.??? This was not what Zarqawi wanted to hear and his sectarian violence continued to the point at which, far from being radicalised, most Sunnis were disgusted and turned against al-Qaida in Iraq, in some cases fighting against the organisation.